ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BETWEEN CONTROVERSIES AND REGULATIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56177/11icmie2023.26Keywords:
artificial intelligence (AI), legal regulation of AI, risks, biases and errors introduced into AI systemsAbstract
The paper aims to present the results of the studies carried out over time worldwide, and especially in the last seven years, when the field of artificial intelligence begins to produce consequences of which human society begins to be aware, and for which it is imperative to the field to be regulated legislatively. In our country, Romania, the first National Strategy on AI was drawn up in 2019, but real concerns were manifested only in 2022.
At the level of the European Union, the EU Act on AI of July 28th, 2023, wants to regulate work with AI. Academics are concerned about various unclear elements in the proposal, such as the broad definition of what constitutes AI, and fear the legal implications, in particular, for vulnerable groups such as patients and immigrants. The law classifies AI applications into four risk groups: low, limited, high, and unacceptable. The problem of bias in machine learning is likely to become more significant as technology spreads to critical fields such as medicine and law and as more people without deep technical understanding are tasked with implementing it. Some experts warn that algorithmic bias is already pervasive in many industries and that almost no one is trying to identify or correct it. Some solutions are mentioned to deal with the challenges caused by AI and rapid technological development affecting jobs.
References
Cicovschi, A., 2023, 25% din locurile de muncă sunt în pericol și nu doar din cauza inteligenței artificiale [25% of jobs are at risk, and not just because of the artificial intelligence], Adevărul.Ro, available from: https://adevarul.ro/economie/25percent-din-locurile-de-munca-sunt-in-pericol-si-nu-2263471.html
Cooper, A., et al., 2019, How Robots Change the World - What Automation Really Means for Jobs and Productivity, Oxford Economics, available from: http://resources.oxfordeconomics.com/how-robots-change-the-world
Dauth, W., et al., 2017, German Robots – The Impact of Industrial Robots on Workers, IAB – Discussion Paper, available from: https://doku.iab.de/discussionpapers/2017/dp3017.pdf
OECD, 2019, Annual Report on the OECD - Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2019, available from: https://mneguidelines.oecd.org/2019-Annual-Report-MNE-Guidelines-EN.pdf
Compagnucci, F., et al., 2019, Robotization and labor dislocation in the manufacturing sectors of OECD countries: a panel VAR approach, Taylor & Francis Online, Applied Economics, Volume 51, Issue 57, available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1659499
The Jobs Americans Do, 2017, The New York Times Magazine, available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/23/magazine/the-new-working-class.html
Rosete, A., et al., 2020, Service Robots in the Hospitality Industry: An Exploratory Literature Review, Exploring Service Science, available from: https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/36428/1/Servicerobotsinthehospitalityindustry.Anexploratoryliteraturereview.pdf
Dragomir, B., Tudorie, G., 2020, Viitorul muncii la orizont 2030 - Topul argumentativ al profesiilor emergente [The future of work on the 2030 horizon - Argumentative top of emerging professions], project POCU, available from: http://pocu-intl.uefiscdi.ro/images/Rezultate/Viitorul_muncii_Proiect_POCU_aprilie_2020_logos_cover_2.pdf
Saithibvongsa, P., Yu, J.E., 2018, Artificial Intelligence in the Computer Age Threatens Human Beings and Working Conditions at Workplaces, Electron Sci Technol Appl, Volume 5, issue 3, available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/esta.v5i3.76
Koenecke, A., et al., 2020, Racial disparities in automated speech recognition, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117 (14): 7684–7689, Bibcode:2020PNAS.117.7684K, available from: doi:10.1073/pnas.1915768117.PMC7149386.PMID32205437
Dastin, J., 2022, Chapter: Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women, In Ethics of Data and Analytics, Auerbach Publications, eBook ISBN 9781003278290, available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003278290-44/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-showed-bias-women-jeffrey-dastin
Veale, M., Borgesius, F. Z., 2021, Demystifying the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act — Analyzing the good, the bad, and the unclear elements of the proposed approach, Computer Law Review International, 22 (4): 97–112, arXiv:2107.03721, ISSN 2194-4164, S2CID 235765823, available from: doi:10.9785/cri-2021-220402
van Kolfschooten, H., 2022, EU regulation of artificial intelligence: Challenges for patients' rights, Common Market Law Review, 59 (1): 81–112, S2CID 248591427, available from: doi:10.54648/COLA2022005
Ferris, G., Min, B., Nayak-Oliver, M., 2021, Automating Injustice: The use of artificial intelligence & automated decision-making systems in criminal justice in Europe, Fair Trails, available from: https://www.fairtrials.org/articles/publications/automating-injustice/
Munoz Ruiz, A.B., 2022, Safety at work: a trojan horse for new monitoring technologies?, Equal Times, available from: https://www.equaltimes.org/safety-at-work-a-trojan-horse-for
EUR-Lex, 2023, Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A31989L0391
Vincent, J., 2023, AI is entering an era of corporate control, The Verge, available from: https://www.theverge.com/23667752/ai-progress-2023-report-stanford-corporate-control
AI Index, 2023, Chapter 6: Policy and Governance, In Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2023, available from: https://aiindex.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HAI_AI-Index-Report-2023_CHAPTER_6-1.pdf
Europäisches Parliament, 2023, KI-Gesetz: erste Regulierung der künstlichen Intelligenz [AI law: first regulation of artificial intelligence], available from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/de/headlines/society/20230601STO93804/ki-gesetz-erste-regulierung-der-kunstlichen-intelligenz
Pieper, F.U., Kohn, B., et al., 2023, KI Regulierung - ein Blick über den großen Teich [AI regulation - a look across the pond], Taylor Wessing, available from: https://www.taylorwessing.com/de/insights-and-events/insights/2023/02/ai-regulation-in-the-usa-a-look-across-the-atlantic
Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării, 2023, Strategia Națională pentru Inteligență Artificială [National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence], Gov.ro, available from: https://www.mcid.gov.ro/strategia-inteligenta-artificiala/
CECCAR Business Magazine, 2019, România, singura țară europeană non-membră a OCDE care aderă la Recomandările organizației privind Inteligența Artificială [Romania, the only non-OECD European country that adheres to the organization's Recommendations on Artificial Intelligence], Number 19, Mai 28th – June 2nd, 2019, available from: https://www.ceccarbusinessmagazine.ro/romania-singura-tara-europeana-non-membra-a-ocde-care-adera-la-recomandarile-organizatiei-privind-inteligenta-artificiala-a4907/
Inside Global Tech, 2020, AI Update: White House Issues 10 Principles for Artificial Intelligence Regulation, available from: https://www.insideglobaltech.com/2020/01/14/ai-update-white-house-issues-10-principles-for-artificial-intelligence-regulation/
National Institute of Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2019, U.S. Leadership in AI: A Plan for Federal Engagement in Developing Technical Standards and Related Tools, available from: https://www.nist.gov/system/files/documents/2019/08/10/ai_standards_fedengagement_plan_9aug2019.pdf
Defense Innovation Board, 2020, AI Principles: Recommendations on the Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence by the Department of Defense, Washington DC, available from: https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/31/2002204458/-1/-1/0/DIB_AI_PRINCIPLES_PRIMARY_DOCUMENT.PDF
Federal Register, 2020, Request for Comments on a Draft Memorandum to the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications, available from: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/01/13/2020-00261/request-for-comments-on-a-draft-memorandum-to-the-heads-of-executive-departments-and-agencies
The New York City Council, 2021, The local law no. 144, available from: https://legistar.council.nyc.gov/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=4344524&GUID=B051915D-A9AC-451E-81F8-6596032FA3F9
Vancea, M., Utzet, M., How unemployment and precarious employment affect the health of young people: A scoping study on social determinants, Sage Journals, Volume 45, Issue 1, available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1403494816679555
Benson, G., 2017, Governing AI: Can regulators control artificial intelligence?, SnapLogic, available from: https://www.snaplogic.com/blog/governing-ai-can-regulators-control-artificial-intelligence
Wisskirchen, G., et al., 2017, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and Their Impact on the Workplace, IBA Global Employment Institute.
Luca, I., 2023, Germania ar putea să blocheze ChatGPT dacă este necesar [Germany could block ChatGPT if necessary], Capital, available from: https://www.capital.ro/germania-ar-putea-sa-blocheze-chat-gpt-daca-este-necesar.html
Massoglia, A., 2017, The Rise of Robot Taxes, Bloomberg Law, Blog Post.
Rainie, L & Anderson, J., 2017, The Future of Jobs and Jobs Training, Pew Research Center, Internet & Technology.
Bruun, E.P.G., Duka, A., 2018, Artificial Intelligence, Jobs and the Future of Work: Racing with the Machines, Basic Income Studies, available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329025467_Artificial_Intelligence_Jobs_and_the_Future_of_Work_Racing_with_the_Machines
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 International Conference of Management and Industrial Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
