MANAGEMENT ANTE MANAGEMENT: EARLY WORSHIP SETTLEMENTS AND URBAN PLANNING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56177/11icmie2023.40Keywords:
Worship settlement, Urban agglomeration, Urban planning, Planning function, Management functionsAbstract
This paper aims at proposing a topic less discussed: early human worship settlements and ancient urban agglomerations as the roots of strategic management thinking in urban planning and strategic development. The purpose is to explore as back as human ancient times to identify early means for time reckoning (i.e. solar calendars) that made possible strategic thinking and multi-year planning. The solar calendar as time-reckoning system was an essential element for strategic, multi-year planning – corresponding to the basic management function: planning (including reliable forecasting) – vital for designing the urban settlements, while considering the communities’ needs for a livable environment, resources and security, in their dynamic (population growth).
The two focal points of investigation (early human worship settlements and ancient urban agglomerations) are coherently linked by highlighting the essential dimension needed for planning: the time dimension. They are also linked by an arch in time that supports the results reported by archaeologists using top technologies: genetics and radio-carbon chronology. Essentially qualitative, the study is completed with quantitative elements when possible. Mainly, secondary research (literature survey) is used, supported by primary research (as observation) illustrated by examples – from both the Romanian and international environments. The findings are critically important for understanding the evolution of urban agglomerations and urban strategic planning from multiple modern perspectives: function/s of scientific management, current trends of strategic thinking, and current urban development issues (i.e. sustainability, smart city). Their implications are also helpful for both scholars and practitioners while designing, updating and implementing urban plans.
References
Scarlat, C.: O sută de proverbe româneşti pentru 100 de ani de management modern, [One hundred Romanian proverbs for 100 years of modern management], Niculescu, Bucureşti, România, (2018), reprinted (2019)
Scarlat, C.: Management ante Management, FAIMA Business & Management Review, December (2022), pp.5–18
Towne, H.R.: The Engineer as an Economist, Proceedings of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, May (1886)
Scarlat, C.: Two sides of bureaucracy: From Aristotle to Ockham to Max Weber and contemporary administration and management, FAIMA Business & Management Review, Special issue, December (2022), pp. 19–35
Koontz, H. & Weihrich, H.: Essentials of Management. An International Perspective, 8th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, (2010)
Ivancevich, J.M.; Donnelly, Jr., J.H. & Gibson, J.L.: Management. Principles and Functions, Fourth Edition, Irwin, Homewood, IL and Boston, MA, (1989)
Certo, S.C. & Certo, S.T.: Modern Management. Concepts and Skills, Twelfth Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, (2012)
Young, C.; Chadburn, A. & Bedu, I.: Stonehenge. World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009, English Heritage, London, (2009)
Darvill, T.: Keeping time at Stonehenge, Antiquity, 96 (2022) 386, pp. 319–335, https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2022.5
Pitts, M.: Stonehenge: one of our largest excavations draws to a close, British Archaeology, 102 (2008), p. 13
Pearson, M. Parker; Pollard, J.; Richards, C.; Welham, K.; Kinnaird, T.; Shaw, D.; Simmons, E.; Stanford., A.; Bevins, R.; Ixer, R.; Ruggles, C.; Rylatt, J. & Edinborough, K.: The original Stonehenge? A dismantled stone circle in the Preseli Hills of West Wales, Cambridge University Press, published online 12 February 2021, Antiquity, 95 (2021) 379, pp. 85–103, DOI: https://10.15184/aqy.2020.239
Englund, R.K.: Administrative timekeeping in ancient Mesopotamia, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 31 (1988), pp. 121–185, https://doi.org/10.1163/156852088X00070
Oltean, I.A. & Hanson, W.S.: Conquest strategy and political discourse: new evidence for the conquest of Dacia from LiDAR analysis at Sarmizegetusa Regia, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 30 (2017), pp. 429–446, published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 November (2017), DOI:10.1017/S1047759400074195
Oltean, I.A. & Fonte, J.: Microtopographies of Dacian upland settlement strategies and community aggregation trends in the Orăştie Mountains, Romania, In Rural Settlement. Relating buildings, landscape, and people in the European Iron Age, Cowley, D.C.; Fernández-Götz, M.; Romankiewicz, T. & Wendling, H. (Eds.), Sidestone Press, Leiden, (2019), pp. 251–262
Economist: Going off Grid: The sad decline of the oldest form of city planning, The Economist, Special Section, December 24th (2022), pp. 20–22
Pant, M. & Funo, S.: The grid and modular measures in the town planning of Mohenjodaro and Kathmandu Valley. A study of modular measures in block and plot divisions in the planning of Mohenjodaro and Sirkap (Pakistan) and Thimi (Kathmandu Valley), Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, May (2005) 59, pp. 51–59
Mommsen, T.: Istoria Romană, vol. I [translated from German by Joachim Nicolaus, Römische Geschichte, vierte Auflage, Weldmannsche Buchhandlung, Berlin, (1865)], Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti (1987)
De Coulanges, F.: A study of the religion,, laws, and institutions of Greece and Rome, [Translated from the latest French edition by Willard Small], Lee and Shepard, Publishers, Boston; and Lee, Shepard and Dillingham, New York, (1874)
Filarete: Filarete’s Treatise on Architecture: Being the Treatise by Antonio di Piero Averlino, Known as Filarete, originally composed in Milan c.1460–c.1464, Translated by John R. Spencer, Yale University Press, New Haven, NY, (1965)
Pascariu, G.: Overview of Romanian Planning Evolution, Proceedings of the Association of European Schools of Planning – AESOP 26th Annual Congress, 11–15 July (2012), METU, Ankara, Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301731689 Accessed: 2023-02-04
Leyes de las Indias: Recopilación de Leyes de Los Reynos de las Indias: mandadas imprimir y publicar por la Majestad Católica del rey Don Carlos, nuestro señor, Julián de Paredes, Madrid, (1681)
Aurbach, L.: A History of Street Networks: from Grids to Sprawl and Beyond, Pedshed Press, Hyattsville, MD, (2020)
Howard, E.: Garden Cities of To-morrow, S. Sonnenschein & Co, London, (1902)
Le Corbusier: Urbanisme, First edition, Les Editions G. Crès & Cie., Paris, (1925)
Speck, J.: Walkable Cities: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time, North Point Press, New York, (2012)
Speck, J.: Walkable City Rules: 101 Steps to Making Better Places, Island Press, Washington, DC, (2018)
Economist: African urbanisation. Beyond the metropolis, The Economist, March 11th (2023), pp. 29–30
Jacobs, J.: The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Random House, New York, (1961)
Scarlat, C.: From proverbs to business and financial management to constructal law, and back to them! Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Management and Industrial Engineering – ICMIE 2017: “Management in the Innovation Society”, ICMIE Series, 8, Niculescu, A. (Ed.), pp. 413–421, Bucharest, Romania, October 12th–14th, 2017, Ed. Niculescu, Bucharest, (2017)
Bejan, A.: Constructal-theory network of conducting paths for cooling a heat generating volume, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 40 (1997) 4, pp. 799–816
Bejan, A. & Lorente, S.: The constructal law and the evolution of design in nature, Physics of Life Reviews, 8 (2011) 3, pp. 209–240
Bejan, A.: The Physics of Life: The Evolution of Everything, St. Martin’s Press, New York, (2016)
Bejan, A. & Zane, J.P.: Design in Nature. How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology, and Social Organization, Doubleday, New York, (2012)
Boeing, G.: Urban spatial order: street network orientation, configuration, and entropy, Applied Network Science, 4, (2019) 67, Available from https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0189-1 Accessed: 2023-06-18
Boeing, G., Batty, M., Jiang, S. & Schweitzer, L.: Urban analytics: History, trajectory and critique, In Handbook of Spatial Analysis in the Social Sciences, Collection: Geography, Planning and Tourism 2022, Rey, S. & Franklin, R. (Eds.), pp. 503–516, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, (2022)
Boeing, G., Higgs, C., Liu, S. & Giles-Corti, B.: Using open data and open-source software to develop spatial indicators of urban design and transport features for achieving healthy and sustainable cities, The Lancet Global Health series on: Urban Design, Transport, and Health, 10 (2022) 6, e907–e918
Higgs, C., Alderton, A., Rozek, J., Adlakha, D., et al.: Policy-Relevant Spatial Indicators of Urban Liveability and Sustainability: Scaling from Local to Global, Urban Policy and Research, 40 (2022) 4, pp. 321–334
Lowe, M., Sallis, J.F., Salvo, D., Cerin, E., et al.: A Pathway to Prioritizing and Delivering Healthy and Sustainable Cities, The Journal of City Climate Policy and Economy, 1 (2022) 1, pp. 111–123, DOI: 10.3138/jccpe-2022.1.1.0008
C40 Cities, & Arup: Green and thriving neighbourhoods: A pathway to net zero, featuring the ’15-minute city’, (2021), Available from https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/research/section/green-and-thriving-neighbourhoods Accessed: 2023-06-18
Giles-Corti, B., Vernez Moudon, A., Lowe, M., Cerin, E., et al.: What next? Expanding our view of city planning and global health, and implementing and monitoring evidence-informed policy, The Lancet Global Health series Urban Design, Transport, and Health, 10 (2022) 6, e919–e926
Giles-Corti, B., Vernez-Moudon, A., Turell, G., Badland, H.: City planning and population health: a global challenge, The Lancet series on Urban Design, Transport, and Health, 388 (2016) 10062, pp. 2912–2924
Giles-Corti, B., Vernez Moudon, A., Lowe, M., Adlakha, et al.: Creating healthy and sustainable cities: What gets measured, gets done, The Lancet Global Health, 10 (2022) 6, e782–e785
Botezatu, U.-E. & Scarlat, C.: Smart cities versus Sustainable development: Inverse progression? Unpublished
Krause, J. & Trappe, T.: A Short History of Humanity: How migration made us who we are, [translation from German by Caroline Waight: Die Reise unsere Gene, Propyläen Verlag, Berlin, 2019], WH Allen, London (2021)
Netea, M.: O istorie genetică (incompletă) a Românilor, [A (uncompleted) genetic history of the Romanians], Humanitas, Bucureşti, România, (2022)
Deng, Y., Cheng, J.C.P.: Automatic Transformation of Different Levels of Detail in 3D GIS City Models in CityGML, In Architecture and Design: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice, Information Resources Management Association – IRMA (Ed.), pp. 1350–1370, IGI Global, Hershey, PA, (2018)
Ozerbıl, T., Gokten, E., Onder, M., Selcuk, O., Sarılar, N.C., Tekgul, A., Yılmaz, E. & Tutuneken, A.: Oblique Aerial Image Acquisition, 3D City Modeling, 3D City Guide Project for Konya Metropolitan Municipality, In Architecture and Design: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice, Information Resources Management Association – IRMA (Ed.), pp.1371–1385, IGI Global, Hershey, PA, (2018)
Pan, G. & Alouini, M.-S.: Flying Car Transportation System: Advances, Techniques, and Challenges, IEEE Access, (2021), DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3056798
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 International Conference of Management and Industrial Engineering
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
